The Growing Threat of Piracy and Terrorism in Somalia: Who Will Subdue It?

Marianna C. Ford

English 105

Professor Timmons

October 26, 2010

The Growing Threat of Piracy and Terrorism in Somalia: Who Will Subdue It?

            Somalia’s recent corruption has proven that piracy is not just the theme of a movie we pay to watch in the movie theaters but rather a frightening reality currently taking place in the oceanic shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. Although the issue does not just end with piracy but continues to escalate with the growing threat from the terrorist group the Shabab, who has connections to the Al Qaeda, joining with the pirates. While the situation may seem controllable another problem presents itself: Somalia’s government does not have the means to constrain the piracy or terrorism. One may wonder why this should concern anyone not living in Somalia. There are many reasons as to why people living thousands of miles away should be concerned. Firstly the pirates attack other country’s ships that may sail off the coast of Africa’s horn. Secondly governments of other countries may be potentially involved in controlling the piracy and terrorism. Thirdly with recent signs of the pirate forces and Islamic terrorist groups in Somalia joining powers the terrorism threat to the rest of the world will strengthen. Now the question has become obvious to other nations in the world. That is since Somalia does not have the resources to control the piracy and terrorism in their own country then who will? The United Nations has given the opportunity for its members to help manage the radical groups of Somalia but members have remained idle in efforts to invade and combat those groups (Axe). The piracy and terrorist threats in Somalia have proven to be out of their government’s control. There is a need for members from the United Nations of a more abled country’s government and armed forces to take action before the Islamic terrorist groups and pirates gain a strong hold in Somalia and potentially the surrounding areas or even further.

            The increase of piracy in Somalia affects other countries by holding their ships hostage for a ransom. Up by 200% from 2007, the year 2008 proved to be a “banner year” when pirates took a foothold off the coasts of Somalia with 120 attacks and 100 million dollars in profit from their piracy (“Piracy”). The obvious and major issue with these facts is that the pirates are putting other countries and their people at risk and are taking millions of dollars from other nations. One would think that serious strides would be taken by member of the United Nations to control Somalia’s piracy after pirates profited 3.2 million in ransom money from a Ukrainian freighter carrying tankers and hefty artillery was seized in September 2008 off Somalia’s shores (“Piracy”). Mohommad, a pirate who assisted in the hijacking of the Ukrainian ship testified that he personally man $250,000 off of that single attack (Gettleman, “Somali Town”). Should a criminal from a country whose government does not have the means to control their own delinquents be profiting at the expense of other countries? The apparent answer is no but if Somalia cannot restrain its piracy then another more abled country must do so.

            Members of the United Nations need to take part in helping to control Somalia’s piracy because Somalia’s piracy has been organizing a stronger and better equipped armed forces. Recently the pirates have become better armed leading to in an increase of attacks since 2007. Rather than striking smaller more vulnerable ships as the pirates have been, they are now attacking massive cargo ships. Due to more powerful weapons, faster boats, and more detailed reports of ships locations, Somalia’s pirates have become brave and siege larger and more prestige ships, including attempts at cruise ships (Axe). In David Axes article 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Pirates he comments on the pirates endeavors to attack cruise ships: “With cruise ships carrying as many as 2,000 people, there’s no way pirates would be able to conduct an orderly capture. Things might get out of hand; and that, officials say, is when people get hurt” (Axe). In account of the Somali pirate’s militia force the United Nations needs to act quickly before innocent people are harmed.

            One may wonder how such menacing and ruthless pirates are able to operate such attacks on ships off the east coast of Africa without being persecuted by the law. The truth is that where these pirates work there is no law (Axe). The area where the pirates operate is in Somalia’s territory and because Somalia’s government is so dysfunctional disorganized there are no laws enforced against the pirates. This means that even when pirates are captured, no matter by who, there is no solid method to persecute them (Axe).  If members of the United Nations invaded Somalia in hope to restore and promote a stabilized government and court system these pirates could be brought to justice. As other nations we should not let the weakness of another country’s government put our people at risk or rob us of our money. Members of the United Nations need to take the opportunity that has been presented and help to control the chaos in Somalia caused by lack of a stable government who cannot persecute the pirates wreaking havoc.

            Somalia’s government is currently in a “transitional” state making it so weak that it controls only few blocks of the capital in Mogadishu, Somalia (Ibrahim and Gettleman). Unfortunately the country is primarily ruled by the Shabab. The Shabab is “a group of radical Islamist rebels who have sworn allegiance to Al Qaeda” according to a recent article in The New York Times Online (Ibrahim and Gettleman). The current and “ultimate” goal of the Shabab was defined by a news report in The New York Times Online: “The Shabab have also vowed to crack down on a popular mobile money transfer service in Somalia, saying it is a threat to the Muslim-owned economy, even though the money transfer service, which many Somalis use to pay bills, is owned by Muslim Somalis” (Ibrahim and Gettleman). While Somalia’s government is completely against the work of the Shabab and does not condone their efforts to gain control of Somali government and economy, the Somalis government does not have the resources or power to suppress and subdue the Shabab. The world has become well aware, especially since the year 2001, that terrorism is on the rise. It is detrimental that members of the United Nations do their part in effort to control and minimize the amount of terrorism activity before anymore disasters occur like those of the September 11^th plane crashes and like the current control the Shabab has in Somalia.

            If Somalia did not already have enough problems within its country including lack of a functional government and threats from piracy and terrorism, Somalia is now at risk of threats from a combined group of pirates and terrorists (Gettleman, “In Somalia”).  This adversity came about when the Shabab and another militant Islamist group vowed to shut down a pirate region on the coast called Xararheere. Jeffery Gettleman reports the fusion of these two precarious groups in The New York Times Online: “The militant Islamists had originally vowed to shut down piracy in Xarardheere, claiming it was unholy, but apparently the money was too good. This seems to be beginning of the West’s worst Somali nightmare, with two of the country’s biggest growth industries — piracy and Islamist radicalism — joining hands” (Gettleman, “In Somalia”). Separately the effects of each of these groups have been highlighted and proven to be destructive. Individually each is harmful but if piracy and terrorism joined forces and resources in Somalia the combination could be devastating. Therefore if one of these rebellious groups or both of them are not controlled they could wind-up not only affecting Somalia in a more detrimental way but could also begin to affect the rest of the world. For the safety of not only Somalia and their people but for the rest of the world; the United Nations needs to make strides in effort to control the expanding bond of the two dangerous groups: Somali pirates and the Shabab.

            While the idea that United Nations should help the fight against the Shabab and piracy in Somalia there is also the view that this struggle or conflict is not the United Nations to fight. This idea has been present in many wars for the notion that countries should not get involved in wars that are not theirs to fight. In essence the conflicts that Somalia is currently dealing with are not the United Nations problem; therefore the United Nations should not become involved. Jason Ditz wrote an article on Antiwar.com addressing the issue of the need of aid in Somalia: “Uganda currently provides the majority of the 7,000+ AU soldiers in Somalia, struggling to back the self-proclaimed government in its attempts to control more than a few city blocks along the coast in Mogadishu” (Ditz). Though some argue there is a need for more help in the fight against terrorism and piracy in Somalia; it is apparent there is already assistance there. Thus there is no need for any further involvement of the United Nations in the effort to pacify the rebellion from Somalia’s piracy and terrorism from the Shabab.

            Though there are already soldiers from Uganda helping to fight off piracy and terrorism in Somalia the amount of soldiers is obviously inadequate for the need considering piracy and terrorism are still on the rise. Since the early 1990s piracy in Somalia has proven to be dangerous to any ship in the trading lanes off the coast of the African Horn. Not only is piracy a physical threat to any vessel or person that sails off Somalia’s coast but it also hits other countries and companies financially by the millions of dollars demanded to be paid as a ransom for their people held as hostages by the pirates. In addition to Somalia’s piracy is the growing threat of terrorism from the Islamic terrorist group the Shabab. The Shabab have kept Somalia’s inoperative government from developing as it should by their efforts and hopes to be the government. As if Somalia could not get in a worse position there have been recent signs of Somali pirates and the Shabab joining sides and sharing resources. Due to recent terrorist attacks seen around the globe the rest of the world is well aware of the potential effects of terrorism. The problem presents itself that either the weak dysfunctional Somali government tries to subdue the growing piracy industry and Shabab terrorist clan or members of United Nations assists them in the efforts to do so before the terrorism becomes uncontrollable.

           

 

Works Cited

Axe, David. "10 THINGS YOU DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT SOMALI PIRATES." Current 513   (2009): 31-33. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 26 Oct. 2010.

Ditz, Jason. "UN Eyes Proposal to Fund Massive Somalia Escalation." 6 October 2010. Antiwar.com. 26 October 2010 <http://news.antiwar.com/2010/10/06/un-eyes-proposal-to-fund-massive-somalia-escalation/>.

Gettleman, Jeffery. "In Somali Civil War, Both Sides Embrace Pirates." 1 September 2010. New York Times. 5 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/02/world/africa/02pirates.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

Gettleman, Jeffery. "Somali Town Embodies Enduring Sense of Loss ." 15 September 2010. New York Times. 5 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/world/africa/16somalia.html?scp=3&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

Ibrahim, Mohammed and Jeffery Gettleman. "Somalia Government and Allies Attack Insurgents." 18 October 2010. The New York Times. 25 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/19/world/africa/19somalia.html?ref=somalia>.

"Piracy at Sea." 2010 September 2010. New York Times. 4 October 2010 <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/p/piracy_at_sea/index.html?scp=2&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

“Apocalypse Now”: “Heart of Darkness” in a Relevant Context

Marianna C. Ford

English 105

Professor Timmons

October 20, 2010

“Apocalypse Now”: “Heart of Darkness” in a Relevant Context

            Francis Ford Coppola’s 1979 Hollywood movie Apocalypse Now Redux, a spin off of the nineteenth century novella Heart of Darkness written by Joseph Conrad, takes place in Vietnam during the Vietnam War as opposed to the novella’s setting in the African Congo.  By using a different context and time period for the setting of the movie Coppola gains a number of advantages in his production as opposed to using the original placement that the novella was written in. Since only four years had passed since the end of the Vietnam War the feelings of American’s towards the war were still fresh in audiences’ minds.  Coppola gains artistic recognition by using a different setting for his movie Apocalypse Now Redux because not only was the Vietnam War setting more relevant to viewers of this time period but also because Coppola is able to avoid the racial issues in the setting of Heart of Darkness.

            One attribute of a movie that is important in captivating an audience is having a component of the film that the viewers can relate to. Coppola’s decision to put the movie in the setting of the Vietnam War was a choice that would intrigue people to view his movie because the emotions and opinions on the war were still at the front of Americans’ mind. The connection between the Vietnam War setting and the ravaging for ivory in the Congo from Heart of Darkness both relate in the sense that it was a controversial event from the time in history. The Vietnam War had stirred up many rebellions in the United States for notion that it was inhumane and for the idea that it was not America’s war to fight. The majority of viewers disagreed with American’s work in the war therefore the highlights of cruelty in Vietnam in Apocalypse Now Redux gave spectators incentive to watch the production.

            Heart of Darkness is known for its creative writing style and better known by some for its racial inuendos which distract from its artistic writing. Because Coppola’s choice to set the movie in a more modern situation that did not touch on as many ethical questions of racism as Heart of Darkness did, he avoided the conflicts of such a sensitive subject. By choosing to use a setting that did not encounter racial issues Coppola’s movie gains recognition as a work of art because the focus does not get caught on racism but rather on the style and storyline of the movie.

            Coppola’s movie Apocalypse Now Redux follows the story line of Heart of Darkness but rather uses a different time and setting for the story to gain credibility with viewers.  Through using a less racially controversial situation and a setting in which the audience was greatly interested and still passionate about helped the movie to gain artistic recognition. Coppola’s choice of setting enabled him and his movie to avoid the racial accusations that have plagued Heart of Darkness.  While the movie was created in a different location it still captures the artistic essence for which the novella is renowned. Apocalypse Now Redux also relates to the audience of the time in which it was produced through a setting common to their generation that avoided the racial conflicts that Heart of Darkness did not hence gaining it credit as a work of art.

“The Failed Account of Conrad’s Racism: Achebe Scrutinizes Heart of Darkness”

Marianna C. Ford

English 105

Professor Timmons

September 29, 2010

“The Failed Account of Conrad’s Racism: Achebe Scrutinizes Heart of Darkness”

Published in 1899, Joseph Conrad’s controversial novella Heart of Darkness still stirs up mixed emotions in the hearts of those who have read his book. Some of these feelings towards Conrad’s literature are harsh and critical while others view his work as captivating and ingenious. Chinua Achebe wrote the article “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness” in the 1970s which highlights the racism and stereotypes in the novella. Considering Achebe is a professor of African literature he is well informed of the prejudices against African Americans and able to derive unfair stereotypes that still exist today from the novella. Achebe uses direct quotes to show the correlation between his argument and that which is actually found in Heart of Darkness. Although, instead of treating the novella as fictional and appreciating its literary style for which it is still read today, Achebe overlooks its respectable scholarly qualities by over analyzing the obvious racism from which the setting of the book was written. Based on the feelings and opinions of Marlow, Achebe makes a controversial statement about Conrad: “Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist” (343).  While Chinua Achebe directly acknowledges the apparent racism in Heart of Darkness; he neglects the context in which the novella was written, wrongly interprets it’s impact in today’s society, bluntly interchanges Marlow’s views with Conrad’s, and fails to recognize that the literary work is fictional, not an account of Conrad’s beliefs.

Achebe’s article informs the reader of Joseph Conrad’s racism in Heart of Darkness and why it is inappropriate to read. He believes the novella demonstrates the “desire” of Western civilization more than any other literature he has read (337). This “desire” Achebe describes as: “the desire—one might indeed say the need—in Western psychology to set Africa up as a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe’s own state of spiritual grace will be manifest” (337). Achebe categorizes the novella as “permanent literature” due to its notable contemporary style. While he does appreciate the modern fiction ingenuousness, Achebe believes Conrad uses his gift of literary style to hoax readers into “hypnotic stupor” while imposing the “desire” of Europe upon them (338). Achebe goes as far to say that Conrad is using a sort of deception: “When a writer [Conrad] while pretending to record scenes, incidents and their impact is in reality engaged in inducing hypnotic stupor in his readers through a bombardment of emotive words and other forms of trickery much more has to be at stake than stylist felicity” (338). Achebe’s accusation is that Conrad uses words full of emotion and passion to disguise his attempts of compelling readers to the idea that Africa is a foil to Europe (337-338). Heart of Darkness is known for its imagery and description that Conrad crafts throughout the whole novella, but Achebe proposes that Conrad uses it to mask the opinion that European society is superior to Africa’s. Achebe goes on to prove that Conrad, through the character Marlow, tells of the journey in the Congo with extreme racism towards the native Africans (342).  With the aid of many quotations, Achebe references a few of Marlow’s many racist comments ranging from the description of an African resembling a working dog with human clothes on to his racial slurs when talking about the natives (340 & 344).  Achebe links the racism expressed by Marlow throughout the novella with the beliefs and opinions of Conrad (342). To disconnect himself from the racism in Heart of Darkness, Achebe believes Conrad uses a “narrator behind a narrator” to veil the insert of his own racist ideas (342). Due to the racial stereotypes hidden behind Conrad’s noted literary style, Achebe argues that though the novella may be a classic it should be reevaluated as to if it should still be read and put on a pedestal as it has been (349).

            Though Achebe makes valid arguments against Conrad and the racism found in Heart of Darkness, he fails to account for the context in which the novella was written. During the late 19^th century when Conrad wrote the novella, the level of civilization and the predominant race in the Congo was a shock to the men from Europe whose countries had experienced an industrial revolution and was primarily Caucasian in race. Many times Marlow describes his sightings of the Africans as groups of “limbs or rolling eyes” which Achebe refutes as racism but what he does not consider is the astounding difference in European and African civilization that Marlow is experiencing and trying to describe (340). While Achebe depicts Marlow’s illustrations of Africans as dehumanizing and racist, Marlow only uses the comparison of the natives with animals because he has never seen people act in such an uncivilized way in contrast with European civilization. Achebe quotes Marlow while in conversation with a cannibal: “‘Catch ’im,’ he [cannibal] snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth…I asked; ‘what would you do with them?’ ‘Eat ’im!’ he said curtly” (341). While Marlow’s depiction of the native, or cannibal, may be desensitized to Africans, Achebe does not note that Marlow has never encountered humans with this appearance or behavior before. Rather Achebe overlooks the context of which the Europeans have come from and deems their reactions to the Africans as racism.

            While Achebe neglects to recognize the context in which the novella was written, he also fails to note the positive aspects of Marlow’s quotes within the full context. Achebe refutes a quote said by Marlow as his African helmsman dies: “And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory—like claim of a distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment”  (343).  Achebe takes this quote out of context to prove his point that Conrad is a racist by reiterating that the phrase “distant kinship” was used as an insult to link Marlow and the helmsman’s relatedness, which essentially causes Achebe to miss the positive aspects that Marlow has experienced (343). Firstly, Marlow viewed the native African’s as uncivilized and as animals compared to his European civilization; he had never seen a human act this way before. For Marlow to realize that though there may be differences in behavior and appearance that they were still related was a huge step at this point for Marlow in the novella that Achebe seems to overlook. Secondly, it is illogical for Achebe to use this quote to support the claim that Conrad is a racist because Conrad did not say this quote; the fictional character Marlow said this. Achebe makes direct assertions of Conrad based on a fictional novella he tends to quote out of context.

            As I have already briefly reviewed, Achebe erroneously swaps the feelings and opinions of Marlow in Heart of Darkness as the feelings and opinions of Conrad. This is an invalid accusation to make because the novella is fictional. Throughout Achebe’s article he quotes Marlow but associates his attitudes and ideas with those of Conrad. Achebe bluntly displays how he interchanges the views of Conrad and Marlow in the article when he said, “The kind of liberalism espoused here by Marlow/Conrad” (342). The quote which Achebe is referring to in this line was said by Marlow. Achebe does not have the grounds to accuse Conrad of having the same convictions of a fictional character. Later Achebe makes a brash statement about Conrad followed by an inadequate supporting quote from Marlow: “Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers…‘A black figure stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms” (345).  The major problem with Achebe’s argument here should be obvious: the quote is by Marlow not by Conrad. Why then is Conrad being accused of having the same feelings and opinions of Marlow? Achebe’s claims that Conrad is a racist are not sufficiently supported due to his interchanging of Marlow’s ideas and attitudes with Conrad’s.

            Written over a hundred years ago, Heart of Darkness still plays a role in classroom education across the United States for Conrad’s literary style. It has been considered a “great work of art” and has become commonly read but debates have been ongoing since it was published as to whether or not it should be read. Achebe is forward in his opinion that the novella is not appropriate to be read in schools or be categorized as a “great work of art” (344-346). Due to the “dehumanization” of the Africans Achebe believes this book is not worthy of the commendable treatment society gives the novella (344). Achebe proposes what he finds to be an important question: “The question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art. My answer is: No, it cannot” (344).  Achebe fails to recognize that this “dehumanization” was the context and reality of this time period. Should a teacher not teach the parts of history they don’t agree with or like? My answer is no. Heart of Darkness should be read in school and society for its literary style and Conrad’s gift of writing.

            Achebe derives his accusations of Conrad through the racism found in Heart of Darkness but he neglects to account for the context in which the novella was written; he applies a contemporary perspective to a book written in the late nineteenth century, a much different time period. Achebe also fails to acknowledge that Marlow is a fictional character whose ideas and opinions are not interchangeable with that of Conrad. Though Conrad did write the book, it is fictional and not an actual report of his views or feelings. Achebe believes that due to the racism and insensitive treatment towards native Africans, the novella should not be placed upon a pedestal where society has put it. However Achebe is again not viewing the book within its context or noting its literary style for which it is read. I believe it is good to be aware of the racism in the novella but not cast it out of society as Achebe would suggest. Although written in a time of harsh realities in Africa, Heart of Darkness is a literary masterpiece that still inspires readers today.

Works Cited

Achebe, Chinua. "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness." Armstrong. 336-348.

Armstrong, Paul B., ed. Heart of Darkness. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.

Somalia’s Alliance with Pirates: The War Against Terrorism

Marianna C. Ford

English 105

Professor Timmons

October 5, 2010

Somalia’s Alliance with Pirates: The War Against Terrorism

            Somalia’s recent corruption has proven that piracy is not just the theme of a movie we pay to watch in the movie theaters but rather a frightening reality currently taking place. Modern day piracy does not consist of peg legged pirates with swords in a big wooden sail boat but instead involves speed boats with men draped in bullets with machine guns over their shoulders, posing quite a threat to the shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia and to all who pass through. Though this may be supposed as a completely negative situation, local government officials have chosen to use the pirates’ considerably advanced military force to their advantage as Somalia endures a civil war against terrorist groups.

            Up by 200% from 2007, the year 2008 proved to be a “banner year” when pirates took a foothold off the coasts of Somalia with 120 attacks and 100 million dollars in profit from their piracy. (“Piracy”). This dangerous situation caught the attention of the world when a Ukrainian freighter carrying tankers and hefty artillery was seized in September 2008 by pirates off Somalia’s shores. After four months of being held hostage the ship was released when the pirates received a 3.2 million dollar ransom (“Piracy”). Mohommad, a pirate who assisted in the hijacking of the Ukrainian ship, testified that he personally man $250,000 off of that single attack (Gettleman, “Somali Town”). The United States Navy has provided aid in controlling the delinquency of the pirates due to the fact that Somalia’s government and armed forces do not have the capability to do so currently (Gettleman, “In Somalia”). Early morning on September 9^th, 2010, twenty-four U.S. marines boarded a hijacked German Cargo ship in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia and seized control of the craft from eleven pirates (Gettleman and Schmitt, “U.S. Forces”).  Somalia’s piracy has proven to be out of the country’s control because the pirates’ armed forces are more organized than that of Somalia’s.

            Due to the recent threat from the Shabab, an Islamic terrorist group with connection to the Al Queda, Somalia’s local governments’ have developed incentive to ask pirates for aid against the terrorist groups (Gettleman, “In Somalia”). Millions of dollars received in ransom money has given certain groups of Somali pirates the capability of creating armed forces consisting of eighty machine guns and half a dozen large trucks (Gettleman, “In Somalia”). These kind of military forces have been catching the eye of local governments especially since they can no longer depend on the central government for protection from the Shabab. While the pirates’ contribution of cooperating with local officials is beneficial to the protection of many cities in Somalia, not all the pirates side with the government but rather with the Shabab (Gettleman, “In Somalia”). The assistance from the pirates to local governments provides some relief to Somalia but the Shabab and its pirate followers are a combination for disaster that Somalia may not be able to fight off.

            Over the past three years piracy has proven to be a dangerous threat not only to those in Somalia but to any ship passing through their water ways. Somali pirates have developed militia forces proving to be stronger than the central governments’ military. Local Somali government officials have chosen to join forces with the pirates in hopes to control the Shabab terrorist group. While some of the pirates are siding with the government, other pirates have chosen to side with the Shabab; posing an even greater threat to Somalia.

Works Cited

Gettleman, Jeffery and Eric Schmitt. "U.S. Forces Take Ship From Somali Pirates." New York Times. 9 September 2010.  4 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/10/world/africa/10pirates.html?scp=1&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

Gettleman, Jeffery. "In Somali Civil War, Both Sides Embrace Pirates." New York Times. 1 September 2010. 5 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/02/world/africa/02pirates.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

Gettlement, Jeffery. "Somali Town Embodies Enduring Sense of Loss ." New York Times. 15 September 2010. 5 October 2010 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/world/africa/16somalia.html?scp=3&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.

"Piracy at Sea." New York Times. 2010 September 2010. 4 October 2010 <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/p/piracy_at_sea/index.html?scp=2&sq=somalia%20pirates&st=cse>.